Pharmacy and it's research

Definition: pastes    Pastes may be defined as the semi-solid preparations ment for external  application onto skin to form a protective coating over the skin. Pastes are less greasy when compared to ointments but very thick and stiff because of their high solid content.              Preparation :  pastes are prepared  by irritation and fusion method, which are same as used in the preparation of ointments.              1.Trituration method :  The trituration method is used when the base is soft and the solid medicament is insoluble in the base.  The method may be as follows,  1.Accurately weigh the required amount of the solid medicament and finely powder it. Also weigh the amount of base.  2.triturate the solid medicament in small  amount of base with a spatula on a plain slab, until a uniform  and homogeneous product is formed. 3.mix the remaini...

Labelling :  Labelling of the medicaments plays a vital role in the entire operation unit as proper labelling on the container provides sufficient information to the pharmacist, which in turn helps in dispensing. Proper labelling assures the accuracy in dispensing of medicaments as well as the accuracy of the pharmacy department work. Improper labelling leads to wasteage of the time both of medical as well as paramedical staff. It also leads to confusion and error.  A pattern is followed which should have a detailed information on the labels of the medicaments.This pattern is as follows:  A. Name:  it consists of the name of the drug typed in such a manner that it is prominent and read easily.   B. Strength : The strength of the dose written  on the labels should be in metric systems and whole numbers (with out decimal and fractions).  C. Dosage forms :  The label should contain the detail information about the drug products...

1.central government health scheme (CGHS) prescription      This prescription is prescribed for all the central government employees, pensioners, MP's, MLA's, ministers etc.      2. Private prescription         This prescription is given by the registered practitioner. It may be written on any paper or Doctor's prescription form.  3.Hospital prescription        Government aided hospitals have their own prescription forms with their name and registration number printed on it .These forms are of 2types  A. Inpatient prescription :             The drugs ment for inpatients are prescribed on the physicians order form.      B. Out patient prescription :             This is similar to private prescription. 

Lotions :                    Lotions may be defined as liquid or semi-liquid preparations which may include either suspensions and emulsions.                         They are intended for the application onto the broken skin  without friction or rubbing. They can be directly applied to skin using any absorbent materials like cotton wool, gauze etc.           Lotions  are mainly used for their local action on skin as they possess cooling, soothing, and protective properties.      Lotions include the therapeutic agents that provide anti fungal, anti-inflamatory and local anaesthetic effect. 

Mixtures:  Def: Mixtures may be defined as the liquid oral presentations that are dispensed by dissolving or suspending the solid or liquid medicament in a suitable vehicle. 1. Mixtures are generally dispensed in bottles  which may include numerous doses.if the bottle contains only a single dose, then it is known as draught. 2.mixtures are generally ment for acute conditions such as diarrhoea, cough, indigestion, constipation  etc. 

The various activities which are carried during the dispensing of a prescription comes under handling of the prescription     The various steps involved in handling a prescription are as follows :  1.collecting the prescription  2.checking the prescription  3.compounding    (a) weighing      (b) preparation  4.Finshing the product      (a) packing       (b) labelling       (c) checking the product  5.Dispensing 6.Recording 7.Refilling.

The different parts of a prescription  are as follows (a) Date (b) Details of  the  patient (c) Superscription (d) Inscription (e) subscription (f) Repeat instructions (g) Signatura (h) Signature of the physician a. Date:    Indicates the day and month in which the medicines were prescribed and the treatment was started. B. Details of the patient :        Details of the patient like name, age, sex, body weight  and address of the patient are noted.They help identification of the prescription. C. Superscription:      This part of the prescription consists of the symbol (Rx). D. Inscription:   This is the main part of prescription that includes name, strength and quantity of medicines to be dispensed. E. Subscription :     This part is observed in the prescriptions of extemporaneous preparations (for temporary use) F. Repeat instructions:      This part convey the inst...

Definition :  The word prescription is derived from words, pre(before) and scriptus (writing)   It is defined as the writing of a doctor regarding the medicines to be dispensed by the he pharmacist to a patient.  It  is written in English  on a special form called as "prescription "(which can be in different formats

1.The rules and regulations of drugs and cosmetics Act(1945) should be followed strictly.  2.The pharmacist should wear a white apron in order to prevent the cintamination of products with foreign particles. 3.The prescription should be read properly without any mistakes.  4.Any doubts regarding the drugs should be solved by referring the standard books (pharmacopoeia)  or by consulting the physician.  5.while compounding the medicines, standard procedures should be followed carefully.  6.The medicines should be dispensed according to the prescription without any errors. 7.The medicines of standard quality with good packing conditions should be supplied with out unnecessary delay.  8.Despensing of controlled drugs should be done carefully and strictly to the right person's, in order to prevent drug abuse. 

Layouts of  manufacturing areas of sterile and non sterile products : During manufacturing the manufacturer  should should cover and with a sufficent sterile equipments and and with a good environmental area. 

The manufacturing process of steris followed by

The scope of pharmacist involves in. The Compounding of prescribed drugs over the counter plays a major role by pharmacist but now these methods are not considered  And while dispensing of drugs by pharmacist it also an important part  The flow chart about the scope of pharmacist 

The Indian traditional systems of medicine have been Ayurveda, siddha and unani. Ayurveda and sidda systems of medicine originated in India while unani or grecoarabic medical system came from west asia. The word pharmacy originated from the Greek word pharmakon.  Pharmacy started acquiring shape in 9th century in civilized world around Baghdad. It slowly spread to Europe as alchemy and finally developed in to chemistry .the first known chemical process was carried out by the artisans of Mesopotamia,egypt,and china. However in the 19th century it completely sprouted out from medicine and started developing as a separate proffesion. This happened only when the role of pharmacist as a compounder of medicines was identified and differentiated from physician who's role was accepted as therapist. The practice in those times was restricted to compounding ,dispensing medication and manufacturing medicaments in bulk lots, not for general sale. The 19th century witnessed various milestone...

Pharmacy is the science and technique of preparing and dispensing drugs.It is a health profession that links health sciences with chemical sciences and aims to ensure the safe and sound health to public..